Background

Urban areas are the most affected area by air pollution, with the transportation sector as the main contributor, accounting for 80% of the pollution. Based on a study conducted by DLH DKI Jakarta and Vital Strategies in 2020, it is known that the transportation sector contributes around 72% of NOx pollutants, 96% of CO pollutants, 58% of PM10 pollutants, and 67% of PM2.5 pollutants. The lack of public transportation, massive use of private vehicles, and the suboptimal provision of infrastructure have caused severe congestion and high concentrations of pollutants which then have adverse impacts on air quality, public health, and surface water.