Five years have passed since the Indonesian Government launched a National Strategy to Accelerate Stunting Prevention (Stranas Stunting) in 2017 and targeted to reduce the stunting rate to 14% by 2024. However, the current stunting rate has not met the Government’s expected target. It is important to review what has been done to prevent and reduce stunting in Indonesia and identify areas for improvement to close the gaps.

This article provides explanation regarding how countries approach and handle past pandemic situations such as H3N2, H5N1, Swine Flu, and Hong Kong Flu from prevention to protection, and responses done through best practices. This article examines the failure from countries in handling the COVID-19 Pandemics despite there having been best practices in handling Pandemic situations. Ranging from multi-sectoral unpredictability of pandemics, the question lies within whether experience matters or new unpredictable problems always shift the way countries approach Pandemic situations.

Climate change poses a grave danger to public health, contributing to the emergence and worsening of diseases such as tuberculosis (TB). TB is a forgotten pandemic, causing the most death from a single infectious agent, particularly in low-income and underdeveloped nations. Climate change affect the TB burden by increasing bacterial growth, making the disease more likely to spread and develop antibiotic resistance, impacting food security and nutrition. The capacity of health systems, including access, equity, quality, and costs, is also threatened. Climate change increases migration risk, resulting in more vulnerable populations and increased TB incidence. The disadvantaged groups, including ethnic minorities, poor communities, migrants and displaced people, older people, women, and children, are the most affected. To eradicate tuberculosis by 2030, health systems need to be strengthened by implementing the End TB Pillars, building climate-resilient healthcare systems, strengthening healthcare workers’ capacities, and allocating resources for the displaced and marginalized communities.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health burden that countries commit to ending through the adoption of the “2030 WHO’s End TB Strategy”. However, the emergence of COVID-19 has exacerbated the effect of poverty, as the main social determinant of TB, on the vulnerability of rural communities to TB infection and mortality. COVID-19 caused job losses and wage decline, worsening malnutrition, access to healthcare services, and stigma towards TB patients amongst people experiencing poverty. To address this, WHO encourages the implementation of a community-based intervention, which provides a people-centered TB care model. Community Health Workers (CHWs) are important in TB healthcare service, from prevention and diagnosis to treatment. However, lack of support, financial incentives, and COVID-19 physical restrictions hinder CHW healthcare delivery. Therefore, improving health financing mechanisms for TB, improving training and support systems for CHW, and mainstreaming Health-inAll-Policies are needed to strengthen community-based intervention.

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